关于加强防震减灾工作的通知

上一篇: 关于做好中央本级由预算拨款拖欠的项目工程款摸底调查工作的函
下一篇: 财政部、国家计委、卫生部关于印发《关于农村卫生事业补助政策的若干意见》的通知

对外贸易经济合作部 海关总署


中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部、海关总署二○○一年第24号令


　　根据《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》、《中华人民共和国货物进出口管理条例》和《机电产品进口管理办法》，现公布《特定机电产品进口管理实施细则》，自2002年1月1日起施行。2002年1月1日以前对外贸易经济合作部签发的《机电产品进口证明》在有效期内继续有效，但不再延期，逾期失效。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　对外贸易经济合作部部长 石广生

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　海关总署署长 牟新生

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　二○○一年十二月二十日

特定机电产品进口管理实施细则

　　第一条 为规范特定机电产品进口管理，依据《中华人民共和国货物进出口管理条例》和《机电产品进口管理办法》，制定本细则。
　　
　　第二条 本细则适用于进口单位将特定机电产品进口到中华人民共和国关境内的行为。

　　第三条 中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部（简称为外经贸部）负责会同海关总署制定、调整和公布特定机电产品目录并组织实施。

　　第四条 申请进口特定机电产品的资格与条件：
　　（一）申请进口单位应当在近三年内没有逃汇、套汇、骗取出口退税、走私等违法、违规行为；
　　（二）申请进口单位应当具有所申请特定产品的经营权；
　　（三）申请进口单位应当具有与所申请特定产品相适应的生产、销售、维修、服务和配件供应能力；
　　（四）申请进口单位应当具有良好的财务状况；
　　（五）申请自用的可不具备本条（二）、（三）、（四）项规定的资格与条件，但是应当提交合理的申请理由和适当的申请数量。

　　第五条 申请进口特定机电产品应当提供如下文件：
　　（一）申请进口特定机电产品的报告；
　　（二）《机电产品进口申请表》（如附件一）；
　　（三）营业执照及行政主管部门核准经营范围的法定文件（复印件）；
　　（四）采用国际招标方式进口特定产品的，还应当同时提供国际招标主管机构签发的《国际招标评标结果通知》；
　　（五）其他需要提供的文件。

　　第六条 特定机电产品进口审批原则：
　　（一）保障科研、教育、文化、卫生及其他社会公益事业进口自用；
　　（二）优先考虑生产、销售、服务能力强的进口单位的申请；
　　（三）考虑申请进口单位近三年进口该特定产品的实际有效业绩；
　　（四）适当考虑新增的申请进口单位；
　　（五）其他需要考虑的因素。

　　第七条 进口特定产品，申请进口单位应当如实填写《机电产品进口申请表》一式两份，向相关的省、自治区、直辖市和计划单列市、沿海开放城市、经济特区外经贸主管机构和国务院有关部门机电产品进出口办公室（简称地方外经贸主管机构、部门机电办）办理核实手续。在未设立机电办的部门，向本单位工商注册地或者法人登记地的地方外经贸主管机构办理核实手续。经地方外经贸主管机构、部门机电办核实后，向外经贸部申请办理进口手续。

　　第八条 外经贸部收到进口单位申请后，应当在30天内进行审核并决定是否签发《机电产品进口许可证》（如附件二）。

　　第九条 进口单位凭《机电产品进口许可证》对外签约、向银行购汇，海关凭《机电产品进口许可证》办理验放手续。

　　第十条 《机电产品进口许可证》的有效期、变更、换发和延期《机电产品进口许可证》有效期为一年。在有效期内因特殊原因需要变更《机电产品进口许可证》中有关项目内容的，进口单位应当持原《机电产品进口许可证》到原发证机关申请办理变更、换证手续；原发证机关应当收回旧证，并在换发的新证的备注栏打印"换证"字样。实际用汇额不超过原定用汇额10%的，不需变更《机电产品进口许可证》。在有效期内因特殊原因需要对《机电产品进口许可证》延期的，进口单位应当到原发证机关申请办理延期换证手续，《机电产品进口许可证》只能延期一次。

　　第十一条 《机电产品进口许可证》如有遗失，进口单位应当立即向原发证机关挂失，经原发证机关核实后，如无不良后果，予以重新补发。

　　第十二条 有下列情形之一的，也适用本细则：
　　（一）进口特定产品的零部件，构成整机特征的；
　　（二）加工贸易项下进口特定产品用于生产内销产品或者留作自用的；
　　（三）外商投资企业进口特定产品用于生产内销产品的；
　　（四）采用租赁贸易、补偿贸易等贸易方式进口特定产品的；
　　（五）以无偿援助、捐赠和经贸往来赠送等方式进口特定产品的；
　　（六）我国驻外机构或者境外企业在境外购置的特定产品，需调回自用的；
　　（七）其他法律、法规另有规定的。

　　第十三条 有下列情形之一的，不适用本细则：
　　（一）加工贸易项下进口特定产品用于复出口的；
　　（二）将特定产品进口到我国保税区、出口加工区并用于复出口的；
　　（三）由海关监管，暂时进口特定产品的；
　　（四）外商投资企业投资和自用进口特定产品的；
　　（五）其他法律、行政法规另有规定的。

　　第十四条 本细则由外经贸部负责解释。过去有关规定凡与本细则不一致的，以本细则为准。

　　第十五条 本细则自二○○二年一月一日起施行。



The Draft Constitution and Human Rights Protection in European Union

周大勇 (Zhou,Dayong)

1 the general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights
2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union
3 the new points in aspect of human rights in the draft constitution
3.1 common values
3.2 incorporation of the Charter of fundamental rights
3.3 other changes could affect the human rights
4 arisen questions
4.1 the protection different from under the Convention
4.2 the two courts system and its application
5 conclusions in a historical view




1 general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights

“Conscious that Europe is a continent that has brought forth civilization; That its inhabitants, arriving in successive waves from earliest times, have gradually developed the values underlying humanism: equality of persons, freedom, respect for reason” Extract from the preamble to the draft Constitution

In past 16 years, the European Union (EU hereafter) has marked itself through a series of changes. From The Single European Act, in which the Union committed itself to create a single market and at the same time establish on its territory the freedom of movement of people, goods, services as well as capital, to Maastricht Treaty, which brought the Union into reality and led to common foreign policy and cooperation in the area of justice and internal affairs as a higher level cooperation among Member States. Then the following Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2001) Treaties, strengthened cooperation in foreign and security policy and placed Justice and Home Affairs matters and established the frame for the Union as a legitimate institution, in which people from different nations integrated in a large region would have common historical direction and splendid future before them. Just before the door of enlargement of the Union, it was argued that the Union has to improve democracy and transparency as well as efficiency, in order to outlines the EU’s purpose and competence clearly and streamline structures so as to prevent paralysis, therefore a new constitution for the Union is determined to replace the EU's series of key treaties in passed over the last 50 years as a single document .

Under leading of former French President and master draftsman Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, the European Convention set about its work of drafting the European Union's first ever full-fledged constitution. With the convention's work completed, the draft must now be finalized by an Intergovernmental Conference of European leaders that is expected to complete deliberations by the end of the 2003. As far as our topic is concerned, noticeably modifications come out in the constitution contract, first of all, the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, which we will discuss later. In the beginning it is meaningful to consider the statues of the draft constitution in the progress course of the Union. The Union desires to bring peace and prosperity, to promote economic and social progress through continuously integrating market and expanding freedom under light of united institution and social systems . These goals, however, are the foundation of development and protection of human rights . That means, if we regard human rights as a series right which realized at first in peaceful and law-ruling society, then the Union has already kept on entrenching to appreciate these goal from beginning on, and now by means of perusing such goal in a larger region through enlargement, the EU’s influence extent to broader area and more people.

The draft constitution then in such context should be viewed as another historical phase in the process. Because the promoting of well-being and fortune of people depend not only on the development of economic situation and adding some single freedom clauses into the governmental documents, but also upon the entire politic system and background in which we live. Without governing based on democratic and effective institutional structure, and especially a ripe legislation and judiciary mechanism, the realization and protection of human rights could only be on the paper. This is also one of the motive caused the Declaration on the future of the European Union which committed the Union to becoming more democratic, more transparent and effective, in order to pave the way for a Constitution in response to the expectations of the people of Europe . In this perspective, one shall recognize the Constitution as a moving forward step of the whole EU institutionalization targeting its goal, so that to discuss the Constitution in connection with the human right protection, it is helpful to review the human rights protection in Europe and, especially in EU.

2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union

The protection of human rights has been internationally come to life in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 (UDHR) with reorganization of disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind and respect for inherent dignity as well as the equal rights of all members of the human. This declaration states explicitly that the rights and freedoms of humans have to be guaranteed without distinction and destruction by any group, state or person. These principles were broadly accepted by European countries, considering the origin of the EU (EC) and the historical separation in Europe after WWII, we denote only the contracting countries of European Community.

For the Member States of EC, the Council of Europe has been up to now the most important instrument, which established in 1949 as a result of the Congress of Europe in The Hague , and took for the basic of the human rights protection. The Council accepted the principles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and integrated it into The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (the Convention hereafter), which and its 12 Protocols turned out to be the significant resource for Human Rights protection in Europe. Because of the existence of the Convention, the other two organizations established in the same age aftermath of the Second World War, i.e. OEEC and the European Communities didn’t include relevant clauses for Human Rights protection into their founding treaties. Since it was agreed at that time, the Council of Europe would focus on the protection of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democratic values, whereas the OECD and the European Communities were to be concerned with the economic restoration of Europe. The reason of separate organizations was based on a view to avoiding economic excuses for future inhumanity. Another reason came from the thought, which believed that the process of economic integration set forth in the Community Treaties could not lead to a violation of human rights. Furthermore, the original Member States in the Treaty of Rome feared, that the inclusion of a "bill of rights" in the Treaty might have brought about an undesirable expansion of Community powers, since it could lead Community institutions to interpret their powers as extending to anything not explicitly prohibited by the enumerated guarantees.

Under the regime of Council of Europe, a lots of achievement of human rights improvement has been reached , yet along with the development and expansion of EU, another mechanism on protection of human rights which does not totally rely on the Council of Europe has derived out on one hand, on the other hand being lack of provisions ruling human rights protection in the Treaty establishing EC did not prevent the EC and the later European Union from providing care for the protection against the violations on human rights. Naturally, how could a swelling supranational organization as EC, which has been continually strengthening its power in all social aspects, does not involve in human rights issues especially when the consciousness of human rights nowadays become more significant both in international and national stages? Regarding to EU, The protection system has been formed in three aspects.

First of all, the legislation in the Member States of EU. Since there were no Member States of EU (EC) which accedes to the Community without being a member of the Council of Europe, and according to the Convention, it impose obligations on the Member States that they should ensure that the internal laws and practices comply with the human rights standards set out in the instruments. Very member states in EU have recognize the principles derived from the Convention and incorporated them somehow into national laws, most importantly, provided constitutive protection as the basic legal resource for human rights protection. For example in Germany, Basic Law (Grundgesetz) Art 1 to 19 deliver explicit provisions even beyond the Convention; the same case as Part VIII (§71-85) in Constitution of Denmark ; in Britain the Act of Human Rights came into force on 2 October 2000 steers extending a ways, in which the Convention can be used before domestic courts. Certainly, according to the classic human rights lessons, the basic protection of human rights could only be afforded at the national level through national legislation and excise of authoritative power.

Secondly, the institutions and legislation at the EU level acts also with high respect to the human rights protection. The EU has showed its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms and has explicitly confirmed the EU's attachment to fundamental social rights ever since its establishment.

The Amsterdam Treaty established procedures intended to secure their protection. It was ascertained, as a general principle, that the European Union should respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, upon which the Union is founded. For the first time a procedure is introduced, according to which severe and continuing violations of Fundamental Rights can lead to suspension of voting and other rights of a member state, if the Union determined the existence of a serious and persistent breach of these principles by that Member State. As to the Candidate countries, they should also respect these principles to join the Union. Furthermore, It has also given the European Court of Justice the power to ensure respect of fundamental rights and freedoms by the European institutions. In accordance with the inner requirement for the implementation of development cooperation operations, in order to reach objective of developing and consolidating democracy, EU also need its rule respecting for human rights. Such cases we have are for instance the EU Council’s regulation on human rights, Council Regulation (EC) No 975/199 and Council Regulation (EC) No 976/1999 for example, are aimed at providing technical and financial aid for operations to promote and protect of civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights etc.

Likewise, at their meeting in Cologne in June 1999, EU leaders declared that in respect to the current stage of progress of the European Union, the fundamental rights applicable at Union level should be pushed forward, namely be consolidated in a Charter and thereby made more evident. They argued, that the legal resources of human rights protection come from not only the European Convention of Human Right, but also from various international conventions drawn up by the Council of Europe as well as the United Nations and the International Labor Organization, they also include EU treaties themselves and from the case law of the European Court of Justice. As a result, a Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter hereinafter) was sketch out, which highlighted the EU’s respect for human rights, for fundamental freedoms and for the principle of democracy through listing more rights a more precise definition of the common values comparing the early documents including the Convention. We will continue to concentrate on the Charter in point 3 since it has been integrated in the draft Constitution as an outstanding achievement.

Finally, the opinion and case-law of European Court of Justice (ECJ hereafter) also have immense impact on the establishment of the instrument of human rights protection within EU.

Although the jurisprudence developed by the ECJ recognizes the Convention as the standard-setter in cases in which the Court has to consider and decide a human rights issue, since there were no relevant legislation existed in the frame of the Community, the ECJ furnish itself power in this aspect by means of case-law. Earlier in 1974, the ECJ first made reference to the ECHR in the Nold judgment, in which the ECJ emphasized its commitment to fundamental human rights based on the constitutional traditions of the Member States’ fundamental rights form an integral part of the general principles of law which the Court enforces. In assuring the protection of such rights, the Court is required to base itself on the constitutional traditions common to the Member States and therefore could not allow measures, which are incompatible with the fundamental rights recognized and guaranteed by the constitutions of such States. The ECJ declared, that the international treaties on the protection of human rights in which the Member States have cooperated or to which they have adhered could also supply indications which may be taken into account within the framework of Community law.

That implied, even without clear regulations in the treaties, the remedy against violation on human rights could also be provided within the framework of the Community in respect for the common traditions applied to the Member States, and in connection with we have mentioned about the Member States’ above, the principles and resource applied to the Member States derived from the Council of Europe. Thus a EU standard could be established by transform a rating comparison of the members’ legal systems to the case-law in ECJ in respect for human rights.